[Virginia GASP]   SECONDHAND SMOKE -- HARMS & KILLS
Some References to Fact Sheet

Updated 28 July 2006
Special thanks to Dr. K. Heinz Ginzel for making this update possible.

Some of the REFERENCES used in preparing this Fact Sheet include the following, while other citations are given with the articles excerpted in the Fact Sheet:

C.A. Aligne, et al., Association of Pediatric Dental Caries With Passive Smoking, Journal of the American Medical Association.  289 (10):1258-1264, March 12, 2003.

C.A. Aligne and J.J. Stoddard. An economic evaluation of the medical effects of parental smoking. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 161:648-653, 1997.

C.B. Ambrosone, et al. Cigarette smoking, n-acetyltransferase 2 genetic polymorphisms, and breast cancer risk. Journal of the American Medical Association 276:1494-1501, 1996.

Anderson and Arias (2003). National Vital Statistics Report 51(9), Table 2 for yr 2000 Ischemic heart diseases including AMI.

Associated Press, "Judge Once Worked as Tobacco Lobbyist," New York Times, August 23, 1995, p. D3.


BBC Cancer Alert, for smoking parents, January 28, 2005.

P. Brennan, et al.  Secondhand smoke exposure in adulthood and risk of lung cancer among never smokers: A pooled analysis of two large studies.  International Journal of Cancer 109 (1):12-131, 2003.

British Medical Association, November 9, 2004, Press Release calling for a date to set a ban on workplace smoking.

T.J. Buckley, et al. Cancer health risk significantly underestimated by EPA's ambient model estimates. Journal of Environmental Health Perspectives 112: 589-598, 2004.

California EPA. Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke, 1997.
California EPA Report, update.

CDC Advisory on Heart Disease from ETS , Washington Post, April 23, 2004.

J. Cherner. http://www.smokefree.net/JoeCherner-announce/messages/247185.html.

Daniel M. Cook, Elisa K. Tong, Stanton A. Glantz, and Lisa A. Bero; The Power of Paperwork:  How Philip Morris Neutralized the Medical Code for Secondhand Smoke; Health Affairs, vol. 24, issue 4, pages 994-1004, July/August 2005.

C.D. Drews, et al. The relationship between idiopathic mental retardation and maternal smoking during pregnancy. Pediatrics 97:547-553, 1996.

J.R. DiFranza and R.A. Lew. Effect of maternal cigarette smoking on pregnancy complications and sudden infant death syndrome. Journal of Family Practice 40:385-394, 1995.

Edelson, Ed.  How Big Tobacco Tells Its Side of the Story. HealthDay Reporter, February 24, 2005.

Tobacco Industry Strategy to Undermine Research, EurekAlert, November 1, 2001.

Exley, Christopher, Amina Begum, Mark P. Woolley, Roger N. Bloor, Aluminum in Tobacco and Cannabis and Smoking-Related Disease, The American Journal of Medicine,
Volume 119, Issue 3 , March 2006, Pages 276.e9-276.e11.

W. Farone, former Director of Applied Research for Philip Morris from 1976 to 1984. Prepared statement, "Toxic Gas for the Masses," July 13, 1998.

C. Fichtenberg and S. A. Glantz. Association of the California Tobacco Control Program with declines in cigarette consumption and mortality from heart disease.  New England Journal of Medicine 343: 1772-1777, 2000.

G. Filippi, et al. Mothers' active and passive smoking during pregnancy and risk of brain tumours in children. International Journal of Cancer 57:769-774, 1994.

D. Garne, et al.  Tobacco Industry associations with ETS research published in the journal Indoor and Built Environment.  Lancet 2005; 365: 804-09 Volume 365, Number 9461 26 February 2005.

E.A. Gilpin, et al. Clean Indoor Air: Advances in California, 1990–1999.  American Journal of Public Health 92: 785-791, 2002.

K.H. Ginzel. Testimony presented at the CDC Public Comments Meeting, National Conference on the Healthy People 2010 Tobacco Objectives, San Francisco, California, November 18, 2002.

K.H. Ginzel. Hazards smokers impose. New Jersey Medicine 87:311-317, 1990.

S.A. Glantz and W.W. Parmley. Passive smoking and heart disease: epidemiology, physiology, and biochemistry. Circulation 83:1-12, 1991.


Health Benefits of Snuffing out Workplace Smoking Detailed by Stanford Researcher, Ong. Business Wire, June 22, 2004.

S.S. Hecht. Carcinogen derived biomarkers: applications in studies of human exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke. Tobacco Control 13: 148, 2004.

S.S. Hecht. Body turns nicotine into cancer chemical. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97:12493, 2000.
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/97/23/12493

S.S. Hecht. NNK-metabolites in first urine of infants born to smoking mothers. American Chemical Society Press Release, August 23, 1998.

S.S. Hecht, et al. Metabolites of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen in the urine of elementary school-aged children. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 10: 1109-1116, 2001.

D. Hoffmann and I. Hoffmann. The changing cigarette 1950-1995. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 50:307-364, 1997.

T. Houston, Sharina Person, Mark Pletcher, Kiang Liu, Carlos Iribarren,, and Catarina Kiefe.  Active and passive smoking and development of glucose intolerance among young adults in a prospective cohort:  CARDIA study.  British Medical Journal online, 38779.584028.55,  April 7, 2006.

G. Howard, et al. Cigarette smoking and progression of atherosclerosis. Journal of the American Medical Association 279:92-124 and 157-158, 1998.

Indoor Air Quality in Hospitality Venues Before and After Implementation of a Clean Indoor Air Law in Western New York, 2003. Office on Smoking and Health, MMWR 53 (44), 11/12/04.

International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC, 1986, 2002.

International Agency for Research on Cancer, Press Release, January 14, 2005, IARC Press Releases.

International Journal of Cancer 109 (1):125-131, 2003.

G. Invernizzi, et al. Particulate matter from tobacco versus diesel car exhaust: an educational perspective. Tobacco Control 13: 219-21, 2004.

K. Jamrozik.  The British Medical Journal, March 1, 2005, Estimate of deaths attributable to passive smoking among UK adults: database analysis, BMJ, oi:10.1136/bmj.38370.496632.8F.

D.T. Janerich, et al. Lung cancer and exposure to tobacco smoke in the household. New England Journal of Medicine 323:632-636, 1990.

L. Larsson of Lund University, Sweden. Rooms where people smoke contain higher air concentrations of endotoxins. News-Medical in Medical Research News, 23-Aug-2004.

J. Laurance. The link between industry, authors and their results. The Independent (UK), April 23, 2004.

R. Maneckjee and J.D. Minna. Opioids induce while nicotine suppresses apoptosis in human lung cancer cells. Cell Growth and Differentiation 5:1033-1040, 1994.

Miller, Karl, M.D., Impact of Secondhand Smoke on Inflammation, in American Academy of Family Physicians, Journal, November 15, 2004, reviewing:  Panagiotakos, DB, et al.  Effect of exposure to secondhand smoke on markers of inflammation: the ATTICA study.  American Journal of Medicine, February 1, 2004;116:145-50.

A. Morabia, et al. Relation of breast cancer with passive and active exposure to tobacco smoke. American Journal of Epidemiology 143:918-928, 1996.

W. Moskowitz, et al. Circulation 81:586-592, 1990.

National Cancer Institute, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, reported in Tobacco Control, October 1997.


National Toxicology Program, Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition, 2005. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.

The New Zealand Herald, December 22, 2004, writer Helen Tunnah.

R. Otsuka, et al. Acute effects of passive smoking on the coronary circulation in healthy young adults. Journal of the American Medical Association 286: 436-441, 2001; S.A. Glantz and W.W. Parmley. Editorial - Even a little secondhand smoke is dangerous. Journal of the American Medical Association 286: 462-463, 2001.

F.P. Perera. Environment and cancer: who are susceptible? Science 278:1068-1073, 1997.

J. Peto and R. Doll. Passive smoking. British Journal of Cancer 54:382, 1986.

Andreas Picard, Public Health Reporter. Globe and Mail, July 16, 2002, p.A1

A. Picard (Health Reporter). Second-hand smoke can triple lung cancer risk. Globe and Mail, July 12, 2001 ( published in the International Journal of Cancer).

C. Arden Pope III, et al. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. Journal of the American Medical Association 287: 1132-1141, 2002.

J.L. Repace. The problems of passive smoking. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 57: 936-946, 1981.

J.L. Repace. Risk management of passive smoking at work and at home. St. Louis University Public Law Review XIII 2:763-785, 1994.

J.L. Repace and A.H. Lowrey. An indoor air quality standard for ambient tobacco smoke based on carcinogenic risk. New York State Journal of Medicine 85:381-383, 1985.

J.L. Repace, et al. Airborne nicotine and salivary cotinine as indicators of passive smoking exposure in the workplace. Risk Analysis 18:71-83, 1998.

Report on the Health Effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) in the Workplace, Health and Safety Authority, Office of Tobacco Control, 62 pages, Dublin, Ireland, December 2002.

D.P. Sandler, A.J. Wilcox, and R.B. Everson. Cumulative effects of lifetime passive smoking on cancer risk. Lancet I:312-315, 1985.

R. P. Sargent, R. M. Shepard , S. A. Glantz. Reduced incidence of admissions for myocardial infarction associated with public smoking ban: before and after study. British Medical Journal. April 5, 2004. doi:10.1136bmj.38055.715683.55v1.

T.A. Slotkin. Fetal nicotine or cocaine exposure: Which one is worse? Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 285: 951-945, 1998.

Smoke-Free Environments Law Project in Michigan, regarding secondhand smoke seeping into apartments and condominiums.

Smokefree ordinances:  Go to http://www.no-smoke.org and click on Smokefree Ordinances Lists.

Surgeon General's Report on the Health Consequences of Involuntary Smoking, 1986.

E.L. Sweda, Jr., Esq. Summary of Legal Cases Regarding Smoking in the Workplace and Other Places, for Tobacco Control Resource Center, Inc., Boston, MA. Dec. 1997; Updated 2004, Tobacco Control. 

S P Tsai, C P Wen, S C Hu, T Y Cheng and S J Huang, Workplace smoking related absenteeism and productivity costs in Taiwan, Tobacco Control 2005:  14:  i 33-i 37.

Tobacco Scam:  How Big Tobacco Uses and Abuses the Restaurant Industry, available at the University of California San Francisco School of Medicine.

UC DAVIS Study: Fewer Californians dying of lung cancer, pulmonary disease as smoking decreases. EurekAlert May 21, 2001.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] Report Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking: Lung Cancer and Other Disorders, 1992.

USDA Tobacco Quality and Safety Research Laboratory. Cigarettes: the low-tar irony. Science News 136:398, 1989.

U.S. EPA http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/naaqsfin/pmfact.html

P. Vineis, et al. Environmental tobacco smoke and risk of respiratory cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in former smokers and never smokers in the EPIC prospective study. British Medical Journal, January 28, 2005.

L.S. Wakschlag, et al. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of conduct disorder in boys. Archives of General Psychiatry 54:670-676, 1997.

Z. Yang, et al. Prenatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure promotes adult atherogenesis and mitochondrial damage in apolipoprotein E. Circulation 110: 3715-3720, 2004.

K. Yolton, et al. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and cognitive abilities among U.S. children and adolescents. Environmental Health Perspectives 113 (1), 98-103, 2005.

X. Zhang, et al.  Association of Passive Smoking by Husbands with Prevalence of Stroke among Chinese Women Nonsmokers.  February, 2005 American Journal of Epidemiology, 161(3):  213-218, 2005.
[Virginia GASP]   Updated 28 July 2006